Qur’an and Torah on Pharaoh’s hard heart

It sometimes seems impossible to understand how a rational human being can persist in a course of action when he sees clear signs over and over again that his actions lead only to disaster after disaster.

Yet that is exactly what the Pharaoh of Egypt does; because God has hardened his heart.

In other words, if power tends to corrupt, and it does; then claiming Divine power is Divinely corrupting.

Many people are disturbed by the oft repeated remark in Exodus that God hardened the heart of Pharaoh, so that Pharaoh would not let the Jewish People go free.

There are two ways to understand Pharaoh’s extremely stubborn will.

The Qur’an says that Moses himself requested God to harden the hearts of Pharaoh and his assembly; And Moses said, “Our Lord, indeed You have given Pharaoh and his establishment splendor and wealth in the worldly life, that they may lead [mankind] astray from Your way.

Our Lord, obliterate their wealth and harden their hearts so that they will not believe until they see the painful punishment.”

Allah said, “Your supplication has been answered.” So remain on a right course and follow not the way of those who do not know.” (10:88-9 Sahih International translation)

We do not know why Moses made this request, but he most likely knew how hard it would be for the Jewish People, who had been raised in a slave society, to break free and journey into the wilderness, toward the distant goal of freedom in the Holy Land.

They had to be convinced by repeating clear signs that Egypt’s magnificent material civilization of wealth was impotent spiritually; and that Pharaoh was not a God

It is important to realize that to the Egyptian people Pharaoh was indeed a god, and not just a man.

Writing from this viewpoint the Bible teaches that Moses’ hesitation to confront Pharaoh (“who am I to go to Pharaoh”) has little to do with personal humility.

First, there was his fear to go fight a battle against a divine Pharaoh, the son of the god Ra (Ra-moses/Ramses means son of god Ra).

Second, Moses knows that the God speaking to him out of a bush, a God he has never before encountered, a God who has (according to the Torah) ignored his people for two generations of oppression, is the one with the responsibility to fight this divine battle.

The “plagues/signs” should be seen within the mythological context of ancient Near Eastern battles fought between the gods.

Thus, Pharaoh’s human free will has little to do with the exodus story.

Adonai is demonstrating to all witnesses that the one God of Israel can overpower all the gods of Egypt, including Pharaoh, the son of god Ra.

Pharaoh will be unable to save even his own son. God promises Moses before the war begins that he will kill Pharaoh’s first born son. (Exodus 4:23).

The critical verse of the narrative is that in which Adonai says to Moses, “…I will place you as a god to Pharaoh” (7:1). This does not mean that Moses is just a representative of Adonai, but rather, Moses will appear, behave and act like a god to the son of the god Ra.

After this statement, Moses is able to battle and overcome the gods of Egypt. Thus, an eleventh sign is the manipulation that Adonai brings upon Pharaoh himself.

Throughout the divine battle, Adonai has demonstrated his ability to totally overwhelm the Egyptian gods, including preventing Pharaoh from saving even his own son.

But, the all-pervasive, and oft repeated, eleventh blow is Adonai’s ability to harden Pharaoh’s heart i.e. to control even what the Egyptian son of god, Pharaoh, thinks and does.

By hardening Pharaoh’s heart, Adonai is the ultimate Divine puppet master, manipulating Pharaoh’s ability to think, taking away his ability to make decisions.

God gives free will to mankind; and never again will the Bible say that God hardened the heart of any human being.

But there can be no free will when gods in human or animal form go to war with the one and only God.