The Biblical Basis for American Exceptionalism

This essay is the third installment in a series on hermeneutics or biblical interpretation, specifically examining positions historically embraced by the majority of Christians but disputed by a faithful minority, and eventually either rejected or fallen into disuse. Previously, we examined how biblical interpretation was employed by the German Christian Movement to justify alignment with Nazi ideology and how those distortions were ethically and biblically refuted. Now, we turn our attention to the theological concept of American Exceptionalism, exploring its biblical foundations as historically articulated by its proponents.

The Biblical Basis for American Exceptionalism

American Exceptionalism refers to the widely held belief that the United States occupies a unique position among the nations of the world, guided by distinct ideals, moral values, and divine favor. Historically, proponents have often drawn upon biblical themes and scriptures to articulate and support this viewpoint, highlighting America’s perceived spiritual mission and distinctive role in global history.

Central to this concept is the idea of a special covenantal relationship between America and God, analogous to the covenant between God and Israel described in the Old Testament. Early American settlers, particularly the Puritans, embraced the vision of America as a “New Israel,” seeing their migration and establishment in the New World as divinely ordained. This vision found grounding in biblical verses such as Deuteronomy 7:6, which proclaims, “For you are a people holy to the LORD your God. The LORD your God has chosen you to be a people for his treasured possession, out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth.” Additionally, Deuteronomy 28 details blessings that follow obedience to God’s commands, further reinforcing the settlers’ conviction that prosperity in America depended on their adherence to divine law.

Further amplifying this theological understanding was John Winthrop’s influential 1630 sermon, wherein he famously invoked the imagery of America as a “city on a hill,” derived from Matthew 5:14-16: “You are the light of the world. A city set on a hill cannot be hidden… let your light shine before others, that they may see your good deeds and glorify your Father in heaven.” Winthrop’s metaphor encapsulated the idea that America was destined to serve as a moral and spiritual exemplar to all nations, demonstrating righteousness, liberty, and communal harmony.

In the 19th century, the idea of Manifest Destiny became a significant expression of American Exceptionalism, fueled by the conviction that divine providence had sanctioned America’s westward expansion. Biblical parallels were drawn, notably from Joshua 1:3: “Every place that the sole of your foot will tread upon I have given to you, just as I promised to Moses.” Similarly, the narrative of the Israelites’ conquest and settlement of the Promised Land in Joshua provided a powerful theological analogy for America’s territorial ambitions, underscoring the belief that such expansion was not only inevitable but morally justified and divinely appointed.

Moreover, America’s role as a global leader has often been portrayed through biblical imagery highlighting its responsibility to spread ideals of freedom and democracy. Verses such as Isaiah 49:6—”I will make you as a light for the nations, that my salvation may reach to the end of the earth”—have been interpreted as mandates empowering America to lead international humanitarian and missionary efforts, further affirming its exceptional status. Additionally, passages such as Matthew 28:19-20 (the Great Commission)—”Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you”—were employed to justify America’s missionary zeal and global outreach efforts.

Additionally, American Exceptionalism emphasizes the concept of divine favor linked to national obedience and adherence to spiritual principles. Passages like Psalm 33:12, “Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD,” and 2 Chronicles 7:14, “If my people, who are called by my name, will humble themselves…and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven…and will heal their land,” reinforce the belief that America’s prosperity and global influence are manifestations of God’s blessings contingent upon national fidelity to biblical ethics and morality. Proverbs 14:34—”Righteousness exalts a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people”—further solidified the conviction that America’s success or failure was directly correlated to its collective moral behavior.

Lastly, the biblical portrayal of America as a promised land offering refuge, freedom, and opportunity has deeply influenced national self-perception. The imagery of Exodus 3:8, describing deliverance into “a land flowing with milk and honey,” resonates strongly with America’s foundational narrative as a sanctuary for religious freedom and personal liberty. Additionally, parallels were drawn with the Exodus story of escaping oppression and seeking freedom, framing America as a place of liberation from persecution, tyranny, and bondage.

Selective Biblical Interpretation and Ethical Problems

Selective biblical interpretation, however, has frequently led to significant ethical problems and injustices. For instance, Manifest Destiny’s biblically justified westward expansion directly contributed to the systematic displacement, oppression, and genocide of indigenous peoples. The scriptural narrative of divine appointment was exploited to morally justify acts of aggression and territorial seizure, resulting in lasting trauma and injustice.

Similarly, the selective use of scripture to frame America as a moral exemplar sometimes obscured national complicity in practices such as slavery and racial segregation, reflecting a profound ethical contradiction. By emphasizing selected texts while ignoring others, American Exceptionalism has at times obscured moral accountability and facilitated policies inconsistent with broader biblical ethics of justice and compassion.

Historical Examples of Biblical Influence on U.S. Policies

Concrete historical examples illustrate the impact of biblically justified American Exceptionalism on U.S. policies. The annexation of territories during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) was strongly influenced by beliefs in Manifest Destiny, as many Americans viewed the conquest as divinely ordained. Similarly, President McKinley explicitly cited divine guidance when justifying the annexation of the Philippines following the Spanish-American War, framing American imperialism as a benevolent, civilizing mission ordained by God.

Contemporary Relevance and Consequences

Today, American Exceptionalism continues to influence U.S. domestic and foreign policies significantly. Beliefs rooted in exceptionalism can shape interventions abroad, justifying military actions or diplomatic strategies framed as morally superior or uniquely righteous. Domestically, exceptionalism informs debates on immigration and national identity, often reinforcing divisions and affecting policy-making.

Critically evaluating the ethical implications and hermeneutical integrity of these interpretations remains essential. Awareness of the historical misuse of biblical interpretation should encourage contemporary reflection, urging cautious and responsible use of scripture in framing national policies and identity narratives. Ultimately, ensuring interpretations align with principles of justice, humility, and compassion remains a crucial ethical and theological responsibility for American society.